Muscle (from Latin musculus "little mouse") is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. There are three types of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth): Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons to bone. Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, and blood vessels, and unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control. Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but is a specialized kind of muscle found only within the heart. Cardiac and skeletal muscle are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres and are packed into highly-regular arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has neither. Muscle is mainly composed of muscle cells. Within the cells are myofibrils; myofibrils contain sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin. All three muscles use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. | |Smooth muscle cells are generally arranged in sheets or bundles and connected by gap junctions. In order to contract the cells contain intracellular contractile filamentous proteins called actin and myosin. Smooth muscle does not contain the proteins troponin or titin, and caldesmon and calponin are significant proteins expressed within smooth muscle. Actin filaments attach to the sarcolemma by focal adhesions or attachment plaques and attach to other actin filaments via dense bodies (acting much like Z-lines in striated muscle).||Actin and myosin are the two major cytoskeleton proteins implicated in cellular movement, secretion, phagocytosis, and kinesis. Actin is one of the most conserved cellular protein. At least 6 actin isoforms have been identified by protein sequence analyses. Four actin isoforms represent the differentiation markers of muscle tissues. There are three alpha-actins: alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, and alpha-smooth muscle), one beta-actin (beta-non-muscle), and two gamma-actins (gamma-smooth muscle and gamma-non-muscle). Actin isoform are >90% conserved, except in the N-terminal 18aa (50-60% homology). Beta-actin protein and mRNA levels are often used as a reference for comparing changes in cellular protein/mRNA levels by Western or Northern blots.||Source:|Bovine cardiac actin.||Applications:|Suitable for use in Western Blot. Not suitable for use in ELISA. Other applications not tested.||Recommended Dilution:|Western Blot: 10ul/lane. SDS may crystallize in cold conditions. It should redissolve by warming before taking it from the stock. It should be heated once prior to loading on gels. If the product has been stored for several weeks, then it may be preferable to add 5ul of fresh 2x sample buffer per 10ul of the Western Blot solution prior to heating and loading on gels.|Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.||Storage and Stability:|Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with sterile buffer or ddH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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