Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are small, non-enveloped, DNA viruses that belong to the family Papillomaviridae. Over 150 genotypes have been identified to date which are divided into 5 genera, based on DNA sequencing. HPV viruses all share a common non-enveloped, icosahedral structure. The HPV viruses possess a doublestranded, circular, DNA genome, which encodes for 6 early proteins E1-E7, and two late structural proteins L1 and L2. Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are globally widespread and are tropic for epithelial cells. Different HPVs display a preference for distinct sites of the body, infecting either cutaneous or mucous membranes (typically the genital tract, oral cavity, respiratory tract or conjunctiva). Most infections, caused by HPVs, are asymptomatic|or cause benign warts. Some HPVs cause latent infection which can be re-activated under certain circumstances, such as stress and immunosuppression (McMurray, HR). However, a large subset of HPVs, referred to as high-risk genotypes, can cause infectious lesions that can lead to premalignant and malignant cancers of the genital tract. At least thirteen HPVs are recognized as high-risk genotypes that can cause|malignant disease of the genital tract including cancer of the vagina, vulva and penis. The most common high-risk genotypes are HPV 16 and 18, which are frequently associated with cancer of the cervix. HPV early proteins E6 and E7, in high-risk HPV genotypes, differ from their low-risk HPV counterparts. They are reported to interfere with cell proliferation and differentiation machinery leading to malignant transformation of HPV-related lesions. (Doorbar, J). Transmission of high-risk HPV genotypes occurs via skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, with most sexually active individuals being infected during their lifetime. Although high-risk HPV infection is common, most infections are resolved by the individual’s cell mediated immune response and do not give rise to cancer of the|cervix. In recent years, a successful vaccine has been developed that protects against four HPV strains 6, 11, 16 and 18. Clinical trials suggest that the vaccine prevents pre-cancer caused by HPV 16 and 18 in 99% of cases in young women (WHO).||Applications: |Suitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.||Recommended Dilution:|Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.||Storage and Stability:|May be stored at 4°C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months after receipt. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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