Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are small, non-enveloped, DNA viruses that belong to the family Papillomaviridae. Over 150 genotypes have been identified to date which are divided into 5 genera, based on DNA sequencing. HPV viruses all share a common non-enveloped, icosahedral structure. The HPV viruses possess a doublestranded, circular, DNA genome, which encodes for 6 early proteins E1-E7, and two late structural proteins L1 and L2. Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are globally widespread and are tropic for epithelial cells. Different HPVs display a preference for distinct sites of the body, infecting either cutaneous or mucous membranes (typically the genital tract, oral cavity, respiratory tract or conjunctiva). Most infections, caused by HPVs, are asymptomatic or cause benign warts. Some HPVs cause latent infection which can be re-activated under certain circumstances, such as stress and immunosuppression (McMurray, HR). However, a large subset of HPVs, referred to as high-risk genotypes, can cause infectious lesions that can lead to premalignant and malignant cancers of the genital tract. At least thirteen HPVs are recognized as high-risk genotypes that can cause|malignant disease of the genital tract including cancer of the vagina, vulva and penis. The most common high-risk genotypes are HPV 16 and 18, which are frequently associated with cancer of the cervix. HPV early proteins E6 and E7, in high-risk HPV genotypes, differ from their low-risk HPV counterparts. They are reported to interfere with cell proliferation and differentiation machinery leading to malignant transformation of HPV-related lesions. (Doorbar, J). Transmission of high-risk HPV genotypes occurs via skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, with most sexually active individuals being infected during their lifetime. Although high-risk HPV infection is common, most infections are resolved by the individual’s cell mediated immune response and do not give rise to cancer of the|cervix. In recent years, a successful vaccine has been developed that protects against four HPV strains 6, 11, 16 and 18. Clinical trials suggest that the vaccine prevents pre-cancer caused by HPV 16 and 18 in 99% of cases in young women (WHO).||Applications: |Suitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.||Recommended Dilution:|Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.||Storage and Stability:|May be stored at 4°C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months after receipt. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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